Pawn Broking Business Business Statistics

Question: Discuss about Pawn Broking Business for Business Statistics. Answer: 1: Pawn broking business started in the early 19th century in Singapore. By the end of the 21st century, it serves the "white collar" customers in the country. Pacific Pawn Brokers is one of the leading pawn broking company, that operates in Hong Kong. The firm wants to start a business in Singapore. The company intends to be among the top three businesses in the country. So the company wishes to know about the state of the economy of the country for running this business. This requires statistical investigation of previous years data relating to the number of pledges received, the number of pledges redeemed; some loans are given, etc. A sample of monthly pawnshop data from the year 1980 to the year 2015 has been taken from the site of Department of Statistics, Statistical Tables from singstat Table Builder for the analysis (Tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg, 2016).The figures of a monthly number of pledges received per month have been segmented into two parts - before the year 2000 and after the year 2000. Various descriptive statistics measures have been used to figure out the change in some pledges received. The data is basically a time series data. Plotting the values of No. Of pledges against the dates the above graph is obtained. The graph shows a steady increase in the costs from 1980 to May 2010 and a rapid growth in the values after that. No such outliers can be spotted from the graph. The measures of central tendency used are arithmetic mean and median (Boone and Boone 2012). The mean and the median values before the year 2000 has been 195988 and 194178 respectively. The costs for the years after 2000 are 264511 and 242501. There is a great change in central tendency values before and after 2000. The central tendency value reveals that the number of pledges after the year 2000 has increased more than 25%. The measures of dispersion used in this case are the range, inter quartile range and standard deviation (Bickel and Lehmann 2012). 90% of the values of a variable is expected to lie within the inter quartile range. A significant difference between the values of range and Inter quartile range indicates the presence of outlier ( Wan et al. 2014). Before the year 2000, the values of range and inter quartile range are 126519 and 41658.0 respectively while that after 2000 is 176498 and 88168 respectively. The difference between the range and inter quartile range is more for the years after 2000 than for the years before 2000. The standard deviation values for the number of pledges received before the year 2000 is 26975.98 while that after the year 2000 is 52275.27 The measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion values reveal that the number of pledges received after the year 2000 is rapidly growing. The values after 2000 are greatly dispersed and has a heavy-tailed distribution. The result means the numbers of pledge received is increasing very fast in the current years. This is also evident from the graph (Kołacz and Grzegorzewski 2016). 2: The mean value of number of pledges after the year 2000 is 264511.The probability that the sample mean is above 26000 has to be calculated. The likelihood of the value is computed to ensure if the sample is repeated will the value be also higher than 26000.The sample size is 188.As the scale of the sample is considerably large, (more than 30), the population standard deviation can be approximated by sample standard deviation. The distribution of the sample mean can be assumed to be a standard normal (Hoenig and Heisey 2012). So the probability that the sample mean is greater than 260000 is given by: =1-ф(1.18319) =1-0.19886 =0.80114. The upper and lower confidence limit is given by: UCL=Xbar +s/sqrt(n)*z LCL= Xbar-s/sqrt(n)*z The tabulated value of z at 90% level of significance is given by 1.282(Altman et al. 2013). So the confidence interval for pledge received after the year 2000 is: UCL=264511+3812.566*1.282=271199.205 LCL=264511-3812.566*1.282=261270.59425804 The confidence interval for pledged received before the year 2000 is: UCL=195988+1.282*1741.292=198159.483654 LCL=195988-1.282*1741.292=193688.516346 The confidence interval for the period before the year 2000 is (193424.667926,1948423.332074) and the confidence interval for the period after the year 2000 is (271199.25,261270.59425804). This means that if the sample is repeated as many times as required the value of the average will lie within this interval. So it can be concluded that the mean value for the period of the year 2000 is greater than the mean value before the year 2000. C.The assumptions made for the purpose of constructing the confidence interval are: 1.The population standard deviation has been approximated by sample standard deviation as the sample size is quite large. 2.The distribution of sample mean is assumed to be normal. If the sample standard deviation cannot be approximated by population standard deviation, then estimated value of sample standard deviation is to be used. Then the distribution of test statistic will be t distribution instead of standard normal(Aron, Coups and Aron 2013). The confidence interval will be: UCL= Xbar +s/sqrt(n)*t LCL= Xbar -s/sqrt(n)*t The value of t at 90% confidence limit for df = 191 is 1.660. Then the confidence interval will be (193097.5,198878.6) for the period before 2000 and (258182.2,270839.9) for the period after 2000(Kruschke 2013). 3: There has been a financial crisis in the year 2008-2009 which has made the director of the Pacific Pawn Brokers company to think that the amount of loans redeemed including interest has been lowered after this financial crisis. To verify the statement a test has been conducted to check whether the mean amount of loans redeemed before and after the financial crisis has changed significantly or not. Here 2 represents the mean amount of loans redeemed before 2009 and 1 represent the mean amount of loan redeemed after the year 2009.So to test whether the two mean values are equal, or the mean value has been increased after the financial crisis (2008-2009) is to test H0: against H1: 12(Bera, Galvao and Wang 2014). The value of population standard deviation has to be estimated from sample standard deviation. The test statistic for the purpose of testing is given by: T= Where sp denotes the square root of the pooled variance. Where s1 is the standard deviation of the first sample and s2 is the standard deviation of the second sample. The value of pooled variance is 136.8934. The test statistic is said to follow a t distribution with (n1+n2-2)=182 degrees of freedom. Under the null hypothesis, the value of the t statistic is 63.09618. The tabulated value of t statistic at 0.05% level of significance for degrees of freedom= 182 is 1.984.So the value of observed t is greater than tabulated value. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. The assumptions for the test of this hypothesis is that the variance that has been used for the purpose of the test statistic is pooled variance. Pooled variance of the sample can be used if the sample variance for each population is assumed to be equal. In this case, the two standard deviations are unequal. So instead of pooled variance, one can use the following statistic: The value of t statistic is then 11.66796.The value of t statistic is greater than observed value of t is 1.984, so the given hypothesis is rejected. 4: The above test suggests that the mean value for the period before the financial crisis and the period after the financial crisis are different. The amount of loan redeemed after the financial crisis has been increased. The test for whether the mean value of some credits redeemed before and after the year of the financial crisis has been done by taking the mean or the average values. It may often happen that the mean values are affected by outliers. To cater this problem, a robust measure has to be used test the hypothesis. For this, one can use the median test to determine whether the median value of the two tests are equal are not (Pan et al. 2014). In the median test, the hypothesis of the test is, H0:me1=me2 against H1:me1me2, where median 1 is the median for the sample of years before 2009 crisis and me 2 is the median of the years after 2009 financial crisis. The statistic for the test is: Z is said to follow a standard normal distribution. So the statistic is rejected at 5% level of significance if the calculated value of z is greater than 1.645. The calculated value of z is 135.9881.So the given hypothesis is rejected.That means the median of the two distribution are not equal(Brys, Hubert and Struyf 2012). The mean value has been calculated by taking only nine years before the financial crisis. But that was the period of economic instability. So there were great fluctuations in the figures of loans redemption with interest. The test will be better if the sample is taken from the year 1990.So a test for the mean value has been done by taking the sample from the year 1990 to 2009 and 2010 to 2015, and the arithmetic mean values were compared with the help of t-test.The test statistic for the test is: Where Is the mean value from the year 1990 to 2009.The value of the t statistic calculated from the test -0.26599. The value of t observed from the t table at 0.05 % level of significance for degrees of freedom is 301 is 1.667.As the value of t observed is less than t tabulated, the given hypothesis is accepted. So this sample also reveals that the amount of loans redeemed post-financial crisis year has been increased. References: Altman, D., Machin, D., Bryant, T. And Gardner, M. Eds., 2013.Statistics with confidence: confidence intervals and statistical guidelines. John Wiley Sons. Aron, A., Coups, E. And Aron, E.N., 2013.Statistics for The Behavioral and Social Sciences: Pearson New International Edition: A Brief Course. Pearson Higher Ed. Bera, A.K., Galvao, A.F. and Wang, L., 2014. On testing the equality of mean and quantile effects.Journal of Econometric Methods,3(1), pp.47-62. Bickel, P.J. and Lehmann, E.L., 2012. Descriptive statistics for nonparametric models IV. Spread. InSelected Works of EL Lehmann(pp. 519-526). Springer US. Boone, H.N. and Boone, D.A., 2012. Analyzing likert data.Journal of extension,50(2), pp.1-5. Brys, G., Hubert, M. And Struyf, A., 2012. A robust measure of skewness.Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. Hoenig, J.M. and Heisey, D.M., 2012. The abuse of power.The American Statistician. Kołacz, A. And Grzegorzewski, P., 2016. Measures of dispersion for multidimensional data.European Journal of Operational Research,251(3), pp.930-937. Kruschke, J.K., 2013. Bayesian estimation supersedes the t test.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,142(2), p.573. Pan, Y., Caudill, S.P., Li, R. And Caldwell, K.L., 2014. Median and quantile tests under complex survey design using SAS and R.Computer methods and programs in biomedicine,117(2), pp.292-297. Tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg. (2016). Homepage | singstat Table Builder. [online] Available at: https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/publicfacing/mainmenu.action [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J. And Tong, T., 2014. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range.BMC medical research methodology,14(1), p.135.

Negativity of Polygamy free essay sample

Also, not only does it degrade ones society but according to statistics countries that allow polygamy starts to really descend economically and eventually become unstable compared to those who don’t allow polygamy. In other words, under polygamy there is no balance. Awareness of such issue is necessary for ones country to continue to strive. The Negative influences and Effects of Polygamy Polygamy can be quite troublesome for both the ones involved in the relationship and for the country in which polygamy is being practiced in. â€Å"Polygamy in the U. S. as never truly considered to be an institution or anything legally recognized or something that the western culture found adequate or normative† (Polygamy in the US, 2011). However, it has been present for a very long time and still remains very present to this day. First starting with the Natives Americans, polygamy soon found its way with the Mormons when polygamy was announced as a practice of the Church of Jesus Ch rist of Latter-day Saints in the 1830’s and 40’s (Origins of polygamy among the Mormons, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Negativity of Polygamy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course it happens with any marriage, some arrangements worked better than others, and some homes were happier than others. Some wives enjoyed their polygamous lifestyle while many hated it. In the end, no one can truly stay happy with a practice as such. Polygamy, itself, brings along more bad than good. Polygamy Defined polygamy comes from a variety of forms but the more prominent ones seem to be these three different forms: polygyny (where a man has more than two wives at the same time), polyandry (where a woman has more than one husband) and plural marriages, where a family is made out of multiple husbands and wives at the same time (Richman, 1997). Again, polygamy dates back to a very long time ago and was branched out all over the world. It was accepted quite well until the Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic Church imposed on rules limiting to only one wife. Upsetting the Equilibrium There are twice as many bad things as good about polygamy, but there is an issue that just makes polygamy so intrinsically wrong. By nature the determination of a baby’s sex before birth is very much random/ is a very random event. Magnificently, the ratio of men to women in society is usually about half and half with the exception of countries like China. The sole reason why China has an exceptionally large amount of boys rather than girls is due to their one-child policy. Like most Asian nations, China has a traditional bias for sons (Wei Xing amp; Hesketh, 2005). Many families abort female fetuses or abandon baby girls to ensure that their only child is a son. This leads one to the issue. China already has an problem with an overpopulation of males, even with the banning of polygamy there are still many out there who practices it because polygamy itself has been popular in China for thousands of years and many are still determined to bring it back. However, polygamy is not and will never be a solution to anything and will only dig a greater hole for the population issue. The problem with polygamy, if this was to occur on a widespread scale, it would create very negative societal issues (Chapman 2013). There would be a few key people who would end up with multiple spouses. Assuming a man ends up having five or more wives. With a 50/50 sex ratio, that would very likely mean that there would be around four men without a wife somewhere else. If this happens on a widespread basis, one will definitely to have a lot of bored, sexually frustrated people with too much time and money on their hands. When one country has too many bored and sexually frustrated people, there will, without a doubt, be more people out there committing crime and more rapists just trying to satisfy themselves. Thus, causing the numbers of crime rates to increase (Hamzah, 2010). One learns almost from birth that more is better, and the more the merrier. The bigger the population is the better. There are theories about birth rates which potentially encourage polygamy as the natural order of nature. Think about it; a female can only be a parent to one child every 9 months (on average) where as a male could conceivably father several children a day. Again, some people argue that the greater the population the better. A large population means a larger workforce, more resources, and so forth. So if one is simply aiming for a greater population then polygamy is definitely a potential option. However, that is not necessarily the case. With a big population one will have more mouths to feed, therefore more people needing to work, more poverty and bigger issues that can easily ruin the country. Equilibrium is important in everything. Polygamy doesn’t create equilibrium it destroys it. Financial and Family Complications Another thing about polygamy is the financial/tax and family issues that comes along with it. In a typical warm and loving monogamous family there are siblings. With siblings there are days where they will get along and there will be days where they seem like they are at war with one another. However, imagine, in a polygamous family where one has many siblings that comes from different mothers and are not being completely connected to one another, there must be an unimaginable amount of issues that comes up time after time (Hamzah, 2010). For example, who inherits what? How do the wives feel about all of this? Also aside from all of this Polygamy, hurts our economy as well. Many modern polygamists rely on the government as taxpayers for their financial problems (Cooper 2006). Although people might say otherwise, many people who have come out of polygamist backgrounds admit to dealing with emotional problems stemming from the polygamy (Hamzah, 2010). A large-scale study currently underway across Malaysia uncovers proof that polygamy harms everyone involved: from emotionally scarred children, to wives who think they’d be better off as single-parent households, and even husbands who admit that is extremely stressful. There will, most likely, be a lot of competition between the mothers to make sure the father does not neglect them or their children and to make sure they hold a certain place/ rank within the family. As for the kids, when a child grows up in the environment of stress and quarrels, he/she will become dysfunctional the rest of his/her life, they feel neglected and isolated at some point in life. No  wonder the incidence of child-dumping,  battered spouses, and delinquency. The signs are clear. Something is definitely wrong in the polygamous union. The difficulties of being a supportive, loving father are often noticed by the fathers themselves. Economically, polygamy makes it even more difficult for a father to provide for all of his children because it becomes more likely that he will have many children. When fathers fail to do so, the consequences are dire. Children and mothers experience emotional and financial depravation (Cooper, 2006).. Now-a-days it is quite very common for fathers to abandon their families when they cannot provide for them. However, this most likely would not happen because normally polygamist families usually rely on the government for everything. Polygamists have multiple wives and dozens of children, but the state only recognizes one marriage. That leaves the rest of the wives to claim themselves as single moms with armies of children to support, and so they gain a lot of support through welfare and such. Tax payer should really start recognizing/ realizing that the polygamists are the ones draining off their money (Cooper, 2006). Morality There are many people out there who are against polygamy due to religious reasons, because of their own personal values and morals. Those people are absolutely right. It is wrong and is a corruption of Gods perfect definition of marriage between husband and wife ( Smith, 2012). God’s original standard for mankind was for a husband and wife to become one flesh, polygamy was not intended. In polygamy there is usually no polyandry, where a woman is married to/ haves multiple husbands mainly because we live in a society where it is very male dominant. God created everyone to be equal not so men can take advantage of women and strip them of their freedom. Not only has that, polygamy, itself, brought along a risk factor for STDs and incest. Polygamist societies have created a way to stay in good standing with the church and society, while cheating on your spouse. Basically, if one gets tired of your current wife one doesn’t need to go through the hassle of a divorce, or the consequences of being called a cheater. They can simply marry another woman or turn to their other wives. Polygamist wives have the worst of all worlds. In all polygamous cultures, women have extremely low status. All must obey their husbands. Almost none get to choose who they marry, and many are married against their will too much older men (Rauch, 2006). Normally after marriage they end up being single parents, with lots of children, no help, little money and no mutual love or support. Again, most people would argue that women have the support of their other wives, but jealousy would stand in the way of that support. Women right is important. Legalizing and supporting polygamy would only reduce women’s rights. In a short period of time, 200 years of struggle for women’s rights would be gone within seconds (Rauch, 2006). Polygamy and incest are known by many people to be two different things and are worlds apart from one another. However, they are very much tied to one another/are interconnected. The problematic thing about polygamy is the young ones. In a polygamist family one will have children coming out from different parents. When the mothers get too tired of the life style they leave and they bring their kids along. As the kids grow up, sometimes fate plays a little trick, and they end up falling for someone they end up being related to but have no idea about. It’s not only the kids have brings along incest, it’s mainly the fathers. According to multiple polygamous cases many fathers end up marrying his daughters to have sexual intercourse with them to father even more kids because it is part of their â€Å"religion†. Myers, 2002) God made Adam and Eve so they have eyes for only one person, their sole mate, which in this case is one another. Due to polygamy males are used to being with multiple women instead of being committed to just one sole person. The definition of moral is different for everyone (in general) and so whether polygamy is immoral or not it really depends on how one looks at it (Smith, 2 012) Currently, of course, polygyny is illegal in the U. S. and has been since the Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887 was passed but it doesn’t mean that there aren’t people out there practicing it. These days polygamy involves old men and young girls. It’s mainly rich men who end up with multiple wives because technically they can and are capable of doing whatever they will. Way back when, polygamy was necessary for survival. When people got sick thousands of years ago, usually they just died. So people had to have more than one spouse with whom they could reproduce many more offspring then the majority does today, because it was likely that one or more of their children would die. Likewise, guess it was necessary for girls, as well as guys to marry and reproduce earlier in life, due to a much shorter life span However, in todays world, we dont have the same problems that afflicted our ancestors. Not only do we live longer, healthier lives, but we know so much more about how human beings develop, both physically, mentally and emotionally. We know the type of damage sexual, emotional  and physical  assault/abuse causes in a child, or young adult. With polygamy there are emotional issues. How do the wives feel? How about the children? In such a large family there has to be competition. It is so rare that every individual child receives the same amount of love from their father. On top of that there are fathers out there that will neglect his very own children, as if neglecting isn’t already bad enough, there are also some that will rape their own kids (Myers, 2002). It is immoral to willingly and freely inflict this kind of mental, physical and emotional anguish on anyone, especially a child. All in all, polygamy is wrong and there is no doubt about it. Not only does it go against god’s words and his reason for the creation of mankind but it also causes the population to become unbalanced. There are many men out there who secretly have multiple wives. Think about it, with a population ratio of 50: 50 if a man has multiple wives then there must be someone/ people out there who don’t have anyone. This in general leads to more desperate cases of rape, suicide and etc. In order to solve such an issue it is wise to get rid of polygamy for good and not just let people slide on through and do it secretly (Rauch, 2006). Polygamy, itself, was never sanctioned by god/ the church and is not accepted by society and should remain that way. To help it remain that way . we shall show no mercy for those who practice it. Works Cited Chapman, L. ( 2013).

Abortion and Affirmative Actio essays

Abortion and Affirmative Actio essays When the United States was founded over two hundred years ago, our fore fathers proclaimed that this land would be an area where freedom would be available to anyone and everyone. It is this freedom that enticed many individuals to make the journey from their home country over to the United States. Freedom, is a right that every individual for example each, freedom of religion, and most of all freedom of choice. To take these privileges away form an individual would deprive them of the civil rights. As in the first presidential election to our most recent, civil rights has always been an issue that the American public takes very seriously. They need to be informed about what the candidate's feelings are on these specific issues. In this election year, two candidates, George W. Bush and Al Gore will be pursuing the presidency as their respective campaign teams trek across the country. One of the main issues that the candidates will be emphasizing on individuals civil rights; in parti cular abortion and affirmative action. One of the two candidates, George W. Bush, has expressed an opinion on these issues in his quest for the presidency. Few other issues have created such extreme division in the American public as abortion. The 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade opened the abortion floodgates, pressuring lawmakers to grapple with the constitutional rights of both women and the unborn. George W. Bush has made great strides in presenting his beliefs about abortion. Governor Bush stands firm saying that he opposes abortion, with the exceptions of rape, incest, or if a mothers life is endangered. Although his feeling about abortion is critical, he promises not to use it as a "litmus test" for Supreme Court Nominees. Several months ago Bush said, Roe vs. Wade would not be overturned until hearts are changed and so we should focus on ways to reduce abortion. He finishes bye saying that he would not insist on a "litmus test" f...

Hobbes And Locke Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy

Hobbes And Locke Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy Hobbes And Locke Hobbes and Locke Outcome 2 . Thomas Hobbes was born in Wiltshire, England in 1588 just prior to the Spanish Armada. Philosophy is defined by Hobbes as the reasoned knowledge of effects from causes, and causes from effects. Hobbes was educated in Oxford where he learnt about the great classics and also of Aristotle, however Hobbes disliked Aristotles approach that democracy was the best form of government. Hobbes spent many a year on the continent and his disliking for Aristotles works grew, when he returned to Britain there was a civil war underway so he left the country again and wrote several pieces of literature, these include the, De Cive and The Elements of law. Later on his book the Leviathan was published. Hobbes died in 1679 after becoming one well-known political writer, but he has not been forgotten and his political thought lives on. Hobbess most famous piece of work the, Leviathan presents life before government was formed this was what Hobbes referred to as the, State of nature. Hobbes believed that every man was naturally equal and due to this war was inevitable because every man was for himself. War would be inevitable as fought for material possession and for basic necessities like water and food. The first of these, causes of quarrel- maketh man invade for gain, the second for safety and the third for reputation. With this continuing state of war and would produce a lifestyle in which there would be no society, industry or trading. As Hobbes states that there would be; No knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, contains fear and danger of violent death; and the life of man solitary, poor nasty, brutish and short. For Hobbes the, State of nature was a way of rationalising how people would behave in their most basic state. Hobbes advanced from what Ren Decartes stated I think , therefore I am. Hobbes used the individual as a building block from which all his political theories arose. Hobbes formed his theories by way of empirical observation and he believed that the universe was just atoms in notion and therefore could be measured by geometry and mathematics and could be used to explain human behaviour. According to Thomas Hobbes people would willing give up all their rights to everything and anything as long as every individual was willing to do this. Nevertheless basic human nature would not allow this and with no way of controlling it people would soon break it in an attempt to control a greater share of power over one another. Hobbes recognised that in order to ensure the stability and peace in his opinion this could be achieved by means of a Social contract. Hobbes realising that the only way to maintain order among the people would by having an authoritarian government. He gave the government the name of Leviathan which when translated means monster. This meant that in exchange for individual rights the people would have in return peace, security and protection from one another. The people would not want to return to the basic state of nature and therefore would not protest against the government which would have power over their natural liberty. The social contract would at first be set-up by men to establish a commonwealth which in turn would be governed by a sovereign to whom in the interest of self preservation, simple right to govern oneself is abolished. The sovereign may be an individual or a group of individuals who are not part of the social contract. However the citizens themselves are part of the social contract and this means that they will obey the sovereign and obey the rules that the sovereign has enforced. Since the sovereign has all power there would never arise any contract between the subjects and the sovereign to break. To add this once the contract has been established the subjects need to seek the sovereigns permission to break it. As a result of forming this contract nothing that the sovereign does can be seen as unjust and as a result of establishing this contract an artificial man or leviathan is formed. Hobbes

Childbirth Education Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Childbirth Education Assignment - Essay Example You can locate a childbirth class by calling your local hospital or birthing center, and by going to www.lamaze.org   2. Talk to at least one woman in the class (in person or by phone) about their perceptions of the class, and their feelings as the birth of their baby approaches. Talk to them after the birth of their baby, if possible, and have them share the story of their baby’s birth.   One of the most pinnacle points for a wife or for any female is giving child birth. Child birth is one of the most wonderful experiences that a female can ever experience in her life. Females tend to have different perceptions of child birth because of the prevalent ambiguities that are present due to social and physical factors. Majority of the women understand that childbirth is excruciating and painful. However, many women often feel that it symbolizes their womanhood and their strength. For most women, the attitudes towards childbirth seem to be a scary matter. One woman in the class discussed her fears as she stated, â€Å"Childbirth always scared me. To make matters worse, the whole idea of getting an epidural really scared me. I mean, the fact that a huge needle will be injected in my spine was really daunting. However, it was good to understand that it would have facilitated my childbirth and I was determined to use it only if I needed it. I also have bad feeling that I might have to undergo C-section. When it came to actually delivering the baby, I did not have time to take the epidural. However, the childbirth itself was painful.† Consequently, another female had a different opinion as she stated, â€Å"I had a very easy labor. The pain was bearable and I delivered without any complication. I was induced to take an epidural because everyone said it was going to be awful. I really wanted an unmedicated birth but I felt that I needed to take precautions with my first birth.† 3. Explore www.lamaze.org and find the content for pregnant women. Si gn up for the week-by-week pregnancy emails and follow the Giving Birth with confidence blog. Compare what you are learning in class and observing in clinical with the content of on the website.   One of the most intriguing things that parents have to adapt is to a whole new lifestyle with a newborn. In essence, most parents have to be organized and be prepared for emergency. Moreover, most parents are unaware of the hygienic conditions that are associated with newborns. One of the key elements that adults take tend to engage in is being overprotective about their newborn. In essence, they are too quick to play â€Å"doctor† and diagnose with their baby with a mild cough. These aspects are related to the nurturing elements that are associated with parents. Another element that was associated with Giving Birth blog was the perceptions that were discussed in class and constraints that were linked to post conception. Undoubtedly it is vital that a woman will continue to have m ore children and her experiences with her previous childbirths shape her perceptions of reality. It is evident that most health educators take the issue of post birth very seriously and engrave these concepts in the minds of their students. Another element that was heavily discussed in class that was also prevalent in the blogs was the emotional mindset of the young mother about her physique. Post birth, many women tend to feel

Free Trade and Poor Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Trade and Poor Countries - Essay Example This is an ideal situation where each country would be able to export those goods at cheap rates which are difficult to be manufactured there. However, when taxes are levied, a country A might import goods from country B and make them available in the local markets at cheap rates; but country A cannot export any goods to country B as B might have levied high tariffs for export. When high taxes are in practice, the development of one country might prosper who have the ability to produce more and export it around but do not need any imports. On the other hand, trade of developing countries looking for trade outside gets hampered. It has been observed that the average income of developing countries has been more for countries with lower trade barriers. Even though free trade gives trading opportunities to developing countries, it is not alone sufficient for development. The Department for International Development (DIFD) in UK believes that the least developed countries (LDCs) should even reform their internal trade institutions and develop stable economic situation. Also, if free trade is allowed then the local manufactures of developing countries suffer loss as their goods do not find a marker due to imported good being available at same prices. Therefore, LDCs need to create market incentives so as to gain the local market space in their home markets. Let us refer to a case study related to free trade. In January 1994, Mexico and US entered North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico did not benefit at all from this agreement as its markets went into the hands of US without any gains falling in Mexico's hands. This happened because US did not open their markets as it would lead to more competition and less profit for US. They preferred to buy into nations in the form of investment. Similarly, Canada also signed FTA with US in 1988. Since then more than 10,000 companies have been taken over by US corporations. "Over 85 per cent of Canada's exports now go to the US, and about 70 per cent of Canada's international trade is handled by US corporations," was said by David Orchard of Canada. As a result, Canada is the most foreign-owned developed nation. Thus we can say that free trade is alone not sufficient for development of any nation. At present what the poor countries want is not foreign goods in their market only. More than that, they need opportunities to export their products in the outside market. Since most poor countries have abundance of labor-intensive products and agricultural products, they need markets where they can export these without facing too much competition and high tariffs. The developing or least developed countries find it difficult to expand their world trade mainly because of the tariffs applicable in most parts of the world. Average tariffs on LDCs have been reduced marginally. However, still the average tariff on agricultural products is as high as 40%. With such tariffs applicable in most countries, LDCs are finding it difficult to expand their trade in these countries. Apart from tariffs, there are also non-tariff barriers which affect LDCs more. There might be quotas which can restrict a country to trade in a developed country. Health and safety hazards also play a role. Since LDCs have labor oriented products, the products

Website for a Specified Organisation Essay Example for Free

Website for a Specified Organisation Essay Business Objectives Websites are used in many different businesses nowadays, yet they aren’t exactly needed in some. They will benefit a business if they are put in place in order to achieve their aims, which generally is to make a profit. The ways in which they can achieve their aims is done by ensuring that the business analyse how exactly they will achieve their aims on a whole and identify the certain objectives that they have in order to be a successful business. The business that I am going to study is Kells Lane Fish Bar, which is located on Low Fell in Gateshead. The business has been up and running for 21 years now and was put there in order to offer a traditional fish shop menu to anyone who entered the shop. The business offers to sell products to many customers, in which this means they will respond to the demand of the customers and therefore are part of a business to consumer relationship. At this current time the fish shop doesn’t actually have a website for their business however there are plenty of ways on the internet to which you can find the number for the shop. I feel that it would be very beneficial to the business if they were to open up a website as it allows for a lot more customers to see the existence of the business and as well as this I feel that if they were able to put on an ordering service for example then the shop would be flowing a lot easier and would perhaps again lead to more customer attention. -Explain business objectives -Describe smart objectives (GET THEM LATER ON, OFF OTHER DOCUMENT) There are a few key objectives for the fish shop, the first being survival, since the business has been running for 21 years it has seen many different economic reactions by the UK, for example being in a recession and a boom. The business will have been through bad and good times over the years but as more and more fish shops begin to run it means that Kells Lane fish bar will have to then offer a few more products or do something different to other fish shops in order to attract the customers. I Feel by having a website it would help assist the business in order for it to survive and keep running, the reason I believe this is because if the business had a website then it would mean that more people would know about the business, therefore attracting a lot more customers. In addition to this I feel that with an online service in which the customer could place their order it would then make the process of collecting the food a lot quicker, the reason for this being that instead of having to wait in a queue for your food you could order online and then be ready to go and pick up your food whenever its ready. Profit maximisation is yet another objective that I feel is used efficiently at the business, I feel that the fish shop needs to sacrifice some of their short term profits in order to gain a long term profit. Therefore when the business buys batches of stock to sell to the customers, they should do this all at once so that they don’t need to keep getting stock delivered to them which will save the many delivery charges they would get. I feel that this is a perfect reason to open up a website as although it may be expensive to set up in the short term, the impact it will have when people place orders etc. on the site will give the business a massive long term profit, which is a great way to show profit maximisation.